Mapping for gender. Interpreting artefact distribution inside 1st- and 2nd-century A.D. forts in Roman Germany

aretaeus of cappadocia (1st/2nd - 2nd/3rd century ad), descriptions on cancer

aretaeus of cappadokia, lived in an era when cancer was already a disease, well known for its deadly outcome. inside his momentous treatise, composed of 8 books, he had outlined various types of cancer. he had understood cancer’s fatality and proposed some curative treatments. our manuscript composes the fragments related to cancer, in an effort to present aretaeus’ views on the matter.  he had...

Skeletal metastatic carcinomas from the Roman period (1st to 5th Century AD) in Hungary.

OBJECTIVES According to paleopathological records, tumors have a great antiquity. The prevalence of cancer in ancient populations might have differed from that in modern humans because of substantial differences in environmental factors, life expectancy and the availability of treatment. This study presents 3 cases of probable skeletal metastatic carcinoma from the Roman period (1st-5th century...

Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 1st–2nd century CE southern Italy

The historical record attests to the devastation malaria exacted on ancient civilizations, particularly the Roman Empire [1]. However, evidence for the presence of malaria during the Imperial period in Italy (1st-5th century CE) is based on indirect sources, such as historical, epigraphic, or skeletal evidence. Although these sources are crucial for revealing the context of this disease, they c...

Remote Roman Fortifications: The Forts of the Kharga Oasis

The Development of Modus Ponens in Antiquity: From Aristotle to the 2nd Century AD Author(s):

'Aristotelian logic', as it was taught from late antiquity until the 20th century, commonly included a short presentation of the argument forms modus (ponendo) ponens, modus (tollendo) tollens, modus ponendo tollens, and modus tollendo ponens. In late antiquity, arguments of these forms were generally classified as 'hypothetical syllogisms'. However, Aristotle did not discuss such arguments, no...